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When Will the Bells of Notre Dame Ring Again

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Exhibition of new bells in the nave of Notre-Matriarch in February 2013

Notre-Matriarch's northward tower (left) holds eight bells while the slightly smaller southward tower (correct) holds the ii largest bells.

At that place are 10 church bells in the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, all of which are mounted in the two chief bell towers. Notre-Matriarch used to accept other smaller bells in the spire and within the roof, but these were destroyed in a fire in 2019.

For most of the cathedral's history, the bells have been primarily used as a hitting clock, to call to prayer for the Angelus, and to announce and participate in Divine Offices and special services. They have also sometimes been used every bit a tocsin or to commemorate historic events. As such they have become a familiar office of life in Paris, where they are known as "the cathedral's voice."

The largest, oldest, and well-nigh well-known of Notre-Dame's bells is the bourdon Emmanuel, which was bandage in 1686. Emmanuel is considered by campanologists as ane of Europe's finest bells and was designated a national celebrated landmark in 1944 when information technology rang during the liberation of Paris.

Early bells [edit]

The primeval named bells of Notre-Dame, mentioned in 13th and 14th century records, include Marie (the bourdon), Gilbert, Guillaume, Pasquier, Chambellan, Louis, Nicholas, and Luc, all initially housed in the n belfry. Historian Dany Sandron speculated that Gilbert may have been given past bishop Gilbert, the bishop of Paris from 1116 to 1123. If and then, the earliest bells may have predated the cathedral itself. Bishop Eudes de Sully fabricated the commencement record of bell ringing at Notre-Dame in 1198 during the construction of the cathedral. The earliest verified bell is Guillaume, donated by bishop Guillaume d'Auvergne in 1230, five years before the completion of the north tower.[one] [2] A total of eight bells were mounted at that place by 1311.[three]

The spire, completed in about 1250, originally held a vii-bell carillon, which included la Pugnaise, a bell used to signal the bell ringer in the primary towers, and the affiliate bell la Clopette, used to announce gatherings of the cathedral affiliate.[iv] During the Middle Ages, the carillon accompanied Notre-Dame's main bells, as did the bells of several surrounding buildings, such as the cloister [fr] and Saint-Denis-du-Pas [fr] to the east, the episcopal palace to the south, and the Hôtel-Dieu and Saint-Christophe [fr] to the west.[five]

In 1400, Jean de Montaigu, an advisor to the king, donated a new larger bourdon which he named Jacqueline subsequently his wife Jacqueline de la Grange. It was not initially hung in the church building, maybe because of its great weight and the poor condition of the north belfry at the fourth dimension. Between 1403 and 1407, a new tower was built in the southward belfry, which had remained empty since its construction in 1250. Jacqueline was hung in the new belfry, and in 1414, some of the north tower bells were temporarily hung there as well while repairs were made to the north tower.[6] Between 1378 and 1480, the two bourdons Marie and Jacqueline were recast a combined 10 times. By 1430, Marie was the larger bong and was permanently moved to the south belfry, mounted beside Jacqueline.[ citation needed ]

In 1453, Thibault de Vitry, counselor of the Parliament of Paris, donated Thibault and in 1472, Canon Jean Hue donated Gabriel, named after the archangel.[vii] The later replaced Gilbert as the largest bong in the north tower. Gilbert was melted downwards and the metal added to Marie when it was again recast later that year. Jean as well first appeared in the 15th century.[ citation needed ]

In 1551, the carillon was either recast or replaced.[8] From this point, the names of iv of the carillon bells were recorded as Catherine, Magdelaine, Barbe (named after Saint Barbara),[v] and Anne. With the addition of an unnamed fifth bell, La Pugnaise, and La Clopette, the spire held seven bells in 1612, only by 1763 this was reduced to six.[9]

When Jacqueline broke in 1680, the chapter decided to recast the bong with most twice its original mass. Information technology was also decided to rename the bell Emmanuel (first spelled "Emanuel")[10] in honour of a chaplain by that name who financed the projection. It was also felt that the new proper noun held more religious significance. Cordelier friar Jean Thibault recast the bell that year, just this bell was deemed unsuccessful and was never mounted in the church building.[eleven]

In 1681, 4 principal-founders collaborated to recast the bong—Nicolas Chapelle, Jean Gillot, François Moreau, and Florentin le Guay. The work was carried out on the Terrain, an open space of land on the eastern end of the Île de la Cité, near where Foursquare Jean-XXIII [fr] and the Deportation Memorial are located today. The bell was cast on 31 October and removed from its mould and rung for the first time on 20 November. It was brought into the cathedral through the northward portal where the trumeau had to be removed then the bell could fit through.[12] The bong's baptism was held on 29 April 1682,[13] officiated past archbishop François de Harlay de Champvallon. The chapter invited the rex and queen, Louis Fourteen and Maria Theresa, to serve every bit the bell's godparents. Information technology was mounted in the due south tower next to Marie on 14 July.[ citation needed ]

Believing the bong to be improperly tuned, the chapter requested that the founders remake the bong. The upshot went to court in 1684. While the initial trial, held at the Grand Châtelet, plant them not liable, this was subsequently overturned by the Parliament of Paris. This third version of the bell was named Emmanuel-Louise-Thérèse to include the names of its godparents. This was in detail meant to memorialize Maria Theresa who had died in 1683. The queen's name was too added to the inscription. Emmanuel was completed in 1686 (evidently behind schedule, equally the inscription reads "made in 1685"). This is the bell which has survived to the present day, and is renowned for both its history and musical quality.[14] [15] Emmanuel was the largest bell in France until 1891 when La Savoyarde was bandage for the Sacré-Cœur.[ citation needed ]

  • The second version of Emanuel, bandage in 1681

  • VIP seating arrangements at the 1682 baptism for Emanuel. The bell is situated at the crossing with the jubé at the top of the image. Armchairs for the king and queen are to the left towards the due north transept.

  • Emmanuel-Louise-Thérèse, cast in 1686

External sound
Projet Cloche
audio icon Digital recreation of the sound of Notre-Dame'due south bells from 1769 to 1791, 31 January 2012, retrieved 18 January 2021

Virtually of the north tower bells were recast in the 18th century. Claude is first mentioned in 1711, although it likely originated earlier. In 1766, iii dedicated clock bells were installed in one of the north transept'south turrets.[sixteen] François was added to the northward tower in 1769.[ citation needed ]

1792 French double sou minted from bong metal.[17] "These 8 bells [...] broadcast today past indefinite fractions in the hands of the public."
—Antoine-Pierre-Marie Gilbert[16]

During the French Revolution, about 80% of church bells throughout the country were melted downwardly,[18] or almost 100,000 bells. Despite the widespread iconoclasm of the era which effected many of Notre-Dame's statues, the melting of bells was more a pragmatic decision based on the need for cheap raw materials at the time. The National Constituent Assembly had transferred all church building belongings to the state in 1789 and began to melt down Parisian church bells in 1790. Between May 1791 and August 1792, Marie, Gabriel, Guillaume, Pasquier, Thibault, Jean, Claude, Nicholas, and Françoise were removed, broken apart, and melted down. The metal would be used for coins and cannons. The but bells to survive were the three clock bells and Emmanuel. The latter was rung for the Festival of Reason in 1793[19] earlier being taken down and put into storage in 1794.[ citation needed ]

Information technology was too during the Revolution that the original spire was taken downwardly along with its carillon, although this was non related to the events of the Revolution.[ citation needed ]

List of bells (1769) [edit]

Location No.[xx] Name Year cast Mass[21] Bore Tone Year removed
south belfry 1 Emmanuel 1686 about xiii,000 kg[22] two.61 m F ♯ two 1794
2 Marie 1472 11,258 kg two.iv m Thou ♯ 2 1792
northward tower 3 Gabriel 1641 four,332 kg 1.89 m A ♯ two 1791–92
iv Guillaume 1769 iii,524 kg 1.71 m B2
5 Pasquier 1765 ii,643 kg 1.55 m C ♯ iii
6 Thibault 1764 ii,048 kg 1.41 thousand D ♯ 3
vii Jean 1769 1,530 kg i.26 chiliad Due east ♯ 3
8 Claude 1714 979 kg ane.13 m F ♯ 3
9 Nicolas 744 kg 95 cm G ♯ 3
x François 1769 587 kg 99.vii cm A ♯ iii [23]
spire 11 Catherine 1551 254 kg B3 1792
12 Magdelaine 195 kg C ♯ iv
13 Barbe 146 kg Dfour
14 Anne 91 kg East4
fifteen Pugnèse past 1283 25 kg C ♯ 5
16 La Clopette
north transept 17 clock bells 1766 1,905 kg ~C3 1856
18 566 kg G3
xix 412 kg A3

Inscriptions of Emmanuel [edit]

The upper inscriptions were written in Latin; the lower inscriptions were written in French with some Heart French spellings.

1681 inscription:

QVÆ PRIUS IACQVELINA IOANNIS DE MONTE ACVTO COMITIS DONVM Swimming. Fifteen. Grand. NVNC EMANVEL VOCOR, A CAPITVLO PARISIEN. DVPLO AVCTA. REGNANTE LVDOVICO MAGNO. SEDENTE FRANCISCO HARLÆO PRIMO EX ARCHIEPISCOPIS PARISIENSIBVS DVCE Ac PARI FRANCIÆ. A. DNI. M. DC. LXXXI.

NICOLAS CHAPELLE, IEAN GILLOT, FRANÇOIS MOREAV, ET FLORENTIN LE GVAY, TOVS MAISTRES FONDEVRS One thousand'ONT FAIT L'AN One thousand. DC. LXXXI.[x]

Translation:

[I am] what was starting time Jacqueline, Jean de Montaigu the count's gift of 15,000 pounds,[24] at present Emanuel I am named by the Parisian affiliate, enlarged by double, during the reign of Louis the Smashing and the tenure of François de Harlay, first of the archbishops of Paris [to hold the championship] duke and peer (French: duc et pair) of French republic, Advert 1681.

Nicolas Chapelle, Jean Gillot, François Moreau, and Florentin le Guay, all principal-founders, accept made me in the yr 1681.

1686 inscription (extant):

QUÆ PRIUS IACQUELINA IOANNIS COMITIS DE MONTE ACUTO DONUM POND XV M NUNC DUPLO AUCTA EMMANUEL LUDOVICA THERESIA VOCOR A LUDOVICO MAGNO Air-conditioning MARIA THERESIA EIUS CONIUGE NOMINATA ET A FRANCISCO DE HARLAY PRIMO EX ARCHIEPISCOPIS PARISIENSIBUS DUCE Air-conditioning PARI FRANCIÆ BENEDICTA Die XXIX APRILIS G DC LXXXII

FLORENTIN LE GVAY NATIF ET MAISTRE DE PARIS M'A FAICTE—Northward CHAPELLE J GILLOT F MOREAU M'ONT FAICT EN 1685[25] [12]

Translation:

[I am] what was first Jacqueline, Jean the count of Montaigu's souvenir of xv,000 pounds, now enlarged by double, Emmanuel-Louise-Thérèse I am named by Louis the Bang-up and Maria Theresa his wife; and by François de Harlay, start of the archbishops of Paris [to hold the championship] duke and peer of France, blest on 29 Apr 1682.[26]

Florentin le Guay, native and master [founder] of Paris, has made me.—N. Chapelle, J. Gillot, F. Moreau have made me in 1685.

19th century bells [edit]

Gimmicky lithograph from an English language publication of the bong benediction ceremony held in the parvis on 4 June 1856. The godparents kneel to the left while to the correct Archbishop Sibour baptizes the bells with holy water.

Emmanuel, Angelique-Francoise, Antoinette-Charlotte, Hyacinthe-Jeanne, and Denise David ringing on 25 December 2011

Afterward Napoleon Bonaparte returned the employ of the cathedral to the Cosmic church with the Concordat of 1801, Emmanuel was remounted in the due south belfry. In 1812, the 3 clock bells were moved from the north transept to the north tower.

In 1850 during the restoration of the cathedral, Jean-Baptiste Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc temporarily removed the bells to supervene upon the wooden belfries.[18]

In 1856, Napoleon Iii donated four new bells to celebrate his son Prince Napoleon's baptism. The Guillaume and Besson foundry in Angers cast the bells, partially using metal from Russian bells (or cannons[15]) captured during the Crimean War. The archbishop of Paris Marie-Dominique-Auguste Sibour officiated the benediction anniversary, held in the Place du Parvis Notre-Dame on 4 June. The bells' godparents included Sibour's cousin and auxiliary Léon-François Sibour [fr], 3 members of the fabric counsel (French: Conseil de fabrique [fr] ), and 4 women related to past archbishops of Paris. The names Angelique-Francoise, Antoinette-Charlotte, Hyacinthe-Jeanne, and Denise David were derived from the names of the godfathers and archbishops. The bells were hung in the north tower, replacing the 18th century clock bells, and were rung for the get-go fourth dimension on xiv June, the solar day of the prince's baptism.[27]

During the Crimean War, the French captured a Russian fog bong in Sevastopol and returned information technology to Paris equally a war trophy. The French called information technology the Bong of Sevastopol and hung in the south tower side by side to Emmanuel in 1857. French republic returned the bell to the Russian Empire in 1913 when the two countries enjoyed closer diplomatic relations. The Russians mounted the bong past the ocean in the ancient ruins of Chersonesos exterior of Sevastopol where it has since been known as the Bell of Chersonesos.

In 1864, three new clock bells were mounted in the upper level of the new spire. The smallest of these served equally the chapter bell. In 1867, 3 more bells were installed directly over the crossing within the ceiling. These were simply audible inside the cathedral.

The mediocre quality of the four 1856 bells in the north tower was noted as early equally 1866[28] and after more than a century and a half of constant use, they but became worse. Co-ordinate to campanologist Régis Singer [fr], the bells were not made of high-quality metal, were not properly tuned with each other or to the bourdon, and showed premature signs of wear.[15] [29] In 2011, campanologist Hervé Gouriou described them every bit "one of the about dreadful sets of bells in French republic."[18] In 2012 they were removed and replaced with audio recordings in preparation for replacements the post-obit yr. The bells were originally to be melted down, simply due to public interest they were preserved and put on display behind the cathedral.

List of bells (1867) [edit]

Location No.[20] Image Proper noun Year cast Mass Diameter Tone Year removed
south tower 1 FW Glocke Emmanuel.jpg Emmanuel 1686 nigh thirteen,000 kg[22] 2.61 grand F ♯ ii
2 The bell of Chersonesos3.jpg Bell of Chersonesos 1778 5,749 kg[30] A ♯ two [31] 1913
north belfry 3 Anciennes cloches de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris le 6 août 2014 - 06.jpg Angelique-Francoise 1856 1,915 kg ane.46 m C ♯ 3 2012[32]
four Anciennes cloches de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris le 6 août 2014 - 05.jpg Antoinette-Charlotte 1,335 kg 1.25 m D ♯ three
5 Anciennes cloches de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris le 6 août 2014 - 04.jpg Hyacinthe-Jeanne 925 kg 1.11 m F3
6 Anciennes cloches de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris le 6 août 2014 - 03.jpg Denise David 767 kg i.05 m F ♯ 3
spire 7 Apôtres au pied de la flèche 2 cropped.jpg HF1 1864 450 kg 91.v cm[33] Chiliadiii 2019
8 HF2 250 kg 74.5 cm B ♭ 3 [33]
9 HF3 (chapter bell) 130 kg 63.5 cm D4 [33]
crossing 10 Paris Cathédrale Notre-Dame Innen Vierung 1.jpg HC1 1867 60 kg A4
11 HC2 25 kg Cfive
12 HC3 xx kg D ♭ v

Inscriptions of 1856 bells [edit]

Angelique-Francoise:

illustrissime et révérendissime seigneur LEON FRANCOIS SIBOUR, evêque de tripolis, auxiliaire de monseigneur fifty'archevêque de paris, et PAULINE MARIE NICOLETTE de TALLEYRAND, duchesse de PERIGORD.[34] m'ont donné les noms de ANGELIQUE-FRANCOISE. illustrissime et révérendissime père en dieu, monseigneur MARIE DOMINIQUE AUGUSTE SIBOUR, archevêque de paris, one thousand'a bénite, et je pêse 1915 kilogrammes

Antoinette-Charlotte:

CHARLES, comte de MONTALEMBERT membre du conseil de fabrique de cette eglise metropolitaine et CHARLOTTE BERNARDINE AUGUSTE, marquist de JUIGNE née PERCIN de MONGAILLARD de la VALETTE.[35] thou'ont donné les noms de ANTOINETTE-CHARLOTTE. j'ai ete bénite par illustrissime et révérendissime père en dieu monseigneur M.D. AUGUSTE SIBOUR archevêque de paris, et je pése 1335 kilogrammes

Hyacinthe-Jeanne

JEAN SAMUEL FERDINAND, comte de TASCHER [fr], membre du conseil de fabrique de cette eglise metropolitaine et HENRIETTE, vicomtesse de QUELEN née de GASTALD[36] yard'ont nommé HYACINTHE-JEANNE. j'ai ete bénite par illustrissime et révérendissime père en dieu M.D. AUGUSTE SIBOUR, archevêque de paris, et je pése 925 kilog

Denise David:

AMEDEE DAVID, marquis de PASTORET, membre du conseil de fabrique de cette eglise métropolitaine, et MARIE CAROLINE AFFRE, née JAVON,[37] m'ont donné les noms de DENISE DAVID. illustrissime et révérendissime père en dieu monseigneur One thousand.D. AUGUSTE SIBOUR, archevêque de paris, ma bénite, et je pése 767 kilog

21st century bells [edit]

Marie arrives at Notre-Matriarch past truck.

In 2011, the rector-archpriest of Notre-Dame Patrick Jacquin [fr] initiated a project to restore the cathedral's bells equally they were earlier the Revolution.[eighteen] About ii million Euros were raised for the project in individual donations. Régis Vocaliser, a campanologist of France's Ministry building of Culture, researched the pre-Revolutionary bells to discover their strike tones and mounting locations in order to restore the sound as accurately equally possible. The arrival of the new bells was timed to coincide with the celebration of the cathedral'south 850th anniversary in 2013.[29]

The bells were created in 2012 over the grade of several months by ii bell foundries using medieval techniques. The petit bourdon for the s tower was cast at the Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry in the Netherlands, while the eight bells for the north belfry were bandage at the Cornille-Havard foundry in Villedieu-les-Poêles, Normandy. They were delivered to Notre-Dame on 31 January 2013 later on a police escort downwardly the Champs-Élysées.

The names Marie, Gabriel, Anne Geneviève, Denis, Marcel, Benoît-Joseph, Maurice, and Jean-Marie were called to accolade various saints and church figures. Étienne memorialized Saint-Étienne de Paris, the 6th century basilica which preceded Notre-Dame.[38] The archbishop of Paris André Vingt-Trois officiated the benediction of the bells on 2 February in two masses. Sure prominent citizens, most of whom shared names with the bells, served every bit godparents. These included Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Gabriel de Broglie, Denis Tillinac, Marcel Pérès, and Jean-Marie Duthilleul. While non present for the ceremony, Pope Benedict 16 was honorary godfather to Benoît-Joseph. The bell's compound proper name includes the pope's papal and nativity names. The ceremony was the largest such event recorded in the history of the diocese. The bells remained on display in the nave of Notre-Dame for the rest of the calendar month, during which about one meg visitors were able to touch the bells and view them upwards close. They were rung for the first time on 23 March, drawing a oversupply which filled the parvis and nearby bridges.[29] The bells are expected to concluding between 200 and 300 years.[xiv]

The bells were of special business concern during the 15 April 2019 burn down. Equally the flames spread forth the roof towards the towers, a southerly air current was threatening to spread the burn down into the northward belfry. Firefighters feared that if the wooden tower inside defenseless fire, the falling bells might break through the lower floors like wrecking balls and destabilize the tower. Information technology was expected that if the tower fell, the entire cathedral would come up downward with it. While the fire did spread to the n tower, it was quickly extinguished by a team of firefighters who ascended the towers. In the end, the main bells were saved, just the six smaller bells over the crossing were destroyed. A short excursion of the spire bells' electric ringing machinery has been cited as one of several possible causes of the fire.[39]

Every bit a result of the fire, regular activities at the cathedral were suspended and the bells accept since not rung on a regular footing. Emmanuel rang on 29 September 2019 for the funeral of Jacques Chirac and on xv April 2020 to commemorate the first anniversary of the burn.

List of bells (2019) [edit]

Location No.[20] Image Proper name Year cast Mass Bore Tone Audio
southward belfry 1 Great Bell of the southern tower of Notre Dame, Paris 13 September 2010.jpg Emmanuel 1686 about thirteen,000 kg[22] two.61 m F ♯ 2
2 Présentation des nouvelles cloches de Notre-Dame de Paris en 2013 60.jpg Marie 2012 vi,023 kg 2.065 yard G ♯ 2
north tower 3 20130214 - Notre-Dame de Paris - Les nouvelles cloches - 025.jpg Gabriel 4,162 kg ane.828 thousand A ♯ 2
four Présentation des nouvelles cloches de Notre-Dame de Paris en 2013 58.jpg Anne-Geneviève 3,477 kg one.725 k B2
v 20130214 - Notre-Dame de Paris - Les nouvelles cloches - 010.jpg Denis two,502 kg one.536 m C ♯ 3
6 20130214 - Notre-Dame de Paris - Les nouvelles cloches - 009.jpg Marcel 1,925 kg one.393 m D ♯ 3
7 20130214 - Notre-Dame de Paris - Les nouvelles cloches - 008 (2).jpg Étienne i,494 kg 1.267 thou E ♯ iii
8 20130214 - Notre-Dame de Paris - Les nouvelles cloches - 007.jpg Benoît-Joseph 1,309 kg 1.207 m F ♯ three
9 20130214 - Notre-Dame de Paris - Les nouvelles cloches - 003.jpg Maurice 1,011 kg i.097 m 1000 ♯ 3
10 20130214 - Notre-Dame de Paris - Les nouvelles cloches - 002.jpg Jean-Marie 782 kg 99.7 cm A ♯ three [23]

Inscriptions and decorations of 2012 bells [edit]

Marie is inscribed with the following benediction message and the Hail Mary prayer. It is likewise decorated with friezes of the Admiration of the Magi and the Spousal relationship at Cana.

† fifty'an 2013 le 2 fevrier, sous le pontificat de sa saintete le pape benoit xvi, pai ete benit et nomme MARIE par son eminence le key andre vingt-trois, archeveque de paris, assiste de monseigneur patrick jacquin, recteur-archipretre de la basilique metropolitain notre-dame de paris, a l'occasion du grand jubile du 850east anniversaire de la cathedrale (1163–2013). je porte le nom du premier bourdon de notre-dame fondu en 1378, refondu la derniere fois en 1472 par thomas de claville et detruit en 1792. eijsbouts astensis me fecit anno mmxii

Inscriptions and decorations of the north tower bells were created by French creative person Virginie Bassetti. Each bell is inscribed with its proper name, a line of the Angelus prayer, a symbolic number of fillets, and an creative theme.

Bell Angelus line Fillets Creative theme
Gabriel Fifty'Ange du Seigneur apporta l'annonce à Marie
(The Affections of the LORD declared unto Mary)		 twoscore: several meanings, see Biblical numerology § Numerological values lilies: in Christian art, Gabriel frequently depicted bringing lilies to Mary during the Annunciation
Anne Geneviève Et elle conçut du Saint Esprit
(And she conceived of the Holy Spirit)		 3: the trinity and 3 theological virtues (organized religion, hope, and love) fire: tenacity of Saint Geneviève
Denis Voici la servante du Seigneur
(Behold the handmaid of the LORD)		 7: the spiritual gifts described in Romans 12 and sacraments of the Catholic Church scratches: martyrdom of Saint Denis
Marcel Qu'il me soit fait selon ta parole
(Exist it done unto me according to thy word)		 5: the three persons and two natures of Jesus water: the Bièvre river, a reference to the legend of Saint Marcel and the dragon[40]
Étienne Et le Verbe s'est fait chair
(And the Give-and-take was made flesh)		 2: two natures of Jesus, a reference to the Angelus line stones: the martyrdom of Saint Stephen by stoning
Benoît-Joseph Et il a habité parmi nous
(And dwelt among us)		 12: the twelve apostles of Christ Keys of Heaven: Saint Peter, the first pope in Catholicism, and the papacy in general
Maurice Priez cascade nous, sainte Mère de Dieu
(Pray for us, O Holy Mother of God)		 eight: fullness[41] flooring plan of Notre-Matriarch: part of Maurice de Sully in the cathedral'south construction
Jean-Marie Afin que nous soyons rendus dignes des promesses du Christ
(That nosotros may be made worthy of the promises of Christ)		 9: the nine celestial hierarchies described in De Coelesti Hierarchia initials and tetramorph: the Four Evangelists[42]

Ringing the bells [edit]

1899 sketches by Georges Redon

  • Auguste Herbet sounding the morning Angelus

  • Emmanuel existence rung by a squad of eight bell ringers

The bells tin be rung by swinging, unremarkably called pealing or volleys (French: à la volée), or without swinging, ordinarily called chiming (tinter) or strikes (coup). Volleys create a sound with perceived changes in volume and pitch, while chiming allows for more command and is used for the clock or for playing short melodies. Both methods are currently done by electric motors installed in the early 20th century. Prior to this, full-time bell ringers were employed.

In medieval times, an appointed churchwarden would oversee 2 bong ringers, a chaplain for the spire bells (the petit sonneur) and a layman for the principal bells (the grand sonneur). To swing the bells, many administration were recruited, as many as 40 at a time on feast days. Emmanuel lone required 8 men simply to start the peal, and sixteen to maintain it for whatsoever length of time. The bells were usually swung with the use of pedals attached to the headstocks. (These pedals are notwithstanding partially visible today on Emmanuel's headstock; they were removed on one side for the installation of a windlass.) However, at certain times the chapter would foreclose bell ringers from entering the belfries at night for fearfulness of them causing a burn down by using open-flame lights. In these cases, the bells would be rung from the lower levels of the towers with ropes.[15] [43]

Antoine Gilbert served as g sonneur during the Revolution and reluctantly aided in the removal of the bells. He nonetheless remained in the position through the restoration in 1802. His son Antoine-Pierre-Marie Gilbert succeeded him in 1820. The younger Gilbert wrote a detailed clarification of the cathedral[44] and dedicated it from rioters during the July Revolution. He was succeeded in 1850 by Louis Herbet who helped salvage Notre-Dame from arsonists during the Paris Commune. Herbet also maintained a bookbinding workshop in the north tower. He was succeeded equally thousand sonneur by his son Auguste in 1892 and his grandson Émile in 1906, who was the terminal to agree the title.[45]

Since the automation of ringing in the 1930s, the bells accept been overseen by cathedral staff including general director Laurent Prades since 2000 and primary sacristan Stéphane Urbain since 2005. Urbain was the first to programme the bells to play short melodies such equally "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland" and "Regina caeli."[46]

Striking clock [edit]

Notre-Dame used to band the civil hours 24 hours a day, but starting in the 19th century this was reduced to only between eight:00 am to 9:00 pm to avoid disturbing nearby residents.

From medieval times, the hours were marked on the main bells, probable only by the number of hours struck at the elevation of the hour. This function was taken over in the 18th century by the clock bells on the north transept. The 19th century clock bells in the spire marked the number of hours with a series of descending triplets and an ascending triplet for the last hour. The roof bells struck the first ii bells for each quarter hour, so marked the number of hours on the third bell. The roof bells were largely decommissioned as a hitting clock in the 1980s as they were perceived to exist confusing during services. They however were still used to announce the arrival of Christmas during the almanac Midnight Mass.

Since 2005, the primary bells have been programed to play short melodies for the clock. The repertoire greatly increased in 2013 thanks to the greater number of bells. Quarter hours are marked with a musical motif adapted from two 14th century tunes from the Llibre Vermell de Montserrat—"Laudemus Virginem" and "Splendens Ceptigera"—one, two, and iii confined for the first, 2d, and tertiary quarter hours. These are the same throughout the year. The full hours are marked with about 50 different melodies played throughout the year. At 9:00 pm every day the same melody is played—the compline hymn Te lucis ante terminum. Afterward the melody, Gabriel marks the number of hours.[47]

Angelus [edit]

The tradition of ringing for the recitation of the Angelus prayer iii times a day began in 1472 when Louis Eleven ordered the practice. The Angelus rings a few seconds afterward the clock at 8 am (9 am on weekends and holidays), 12 apex, and 7 pm. Information technology is announced by a brusk series of chimes followed by near a four-minute volley. The particular blueprint of ringing depends on the time of day and time of year, irresolute during Lent and Eastertide.[47]

Services [edit]

The bells announce services with dissimilar patterns of volleys, called sonneries. In the 18th century, Abbot Claude-Louis Marmotant de Savigny compiled a list of sonneries based on traditions developed by that time. The listing followed a general hierarchy of solemnity, from the grand solennel (ringing society: 1, 2, ten, 9, 8, 7, 6, v, 4, 3) used for the most solemn occasions, to Les Benjamines (ringing order: 10, 9, 8) used for baptisms. A simplified version of this listing was used from 1856 to 2012, and the full do was revived from 2013 to 2019.

The bells are always rung in connectedness with a Te Deum service. During the Ancien Régime, these were held afterwards the coronation of a new king, the nascency of a new heir apparent, military victories, or other causes of thanksgiving. This tradition has connected, the most recent Te Deum being held at Notre-Matriarch on 9 May 1945 later on Victory in Europe Twenty-four hour period. The side by side such service is to exist held on fifteen Apr 2024 during the cathedral's reopening.

The roof bells are rung during elevation, the moment during Mass when the clergyman holds up the elements of the Eucharist.

Historic events [edit]

The bells ring to gloat the election of a new pope, usually with the grand solennel, and to mourn the expiry of a pope, usually by tolling the late pope's age on the bourdon.

The bells are usually non rung in times of war or invasion, except to be used as an alarm, or tocsin. Such was the case during World War I when the fighting came to inside thirty kilometers of Paris. The bells rang again in celebration of the armistice of 11 November 1918. This tradition has since continued, with the ringing of the grand solennel every 11 November at 11:00 am.[48] In recent years the petit solennel (ringing order: 2, x, 9, 8, 7, 6, v, iv, 3) has alternately rung in club to preserve Emmanuel.

The bells also remained silent during the German occupation during Globe War II. On 25 Baronial 1944, every bit French and American troops were inbound Paris, Notre-Dame's bells rang again, shortly joined by bells across the city. At the time, many Parisians did not know how close Centrolineal forces were, equally the Germans had imposed a strict curfew and controlled the radio stations. The sound of Notre-Matriarch'due south bells was the first indication to many residents that the liberation of the urban center was imminent.[49] In his memoirs, General Dietrich von Choltitz, the German military governor of Paris, recalled how he called his superior, Full general Hans Speidel, and simply held the telephone out the window.[50] [48] The French Ministry of Culture soon afterward classified Emmanuel equally a historic monument. This precludes the bell from being destroyed or recast. The liberation has later on been celebrated every year on 25 Baronial with the ringing of the grand solennel at 7:00 pm.[47]

In the 21st century, the bells take rung in times of mourning afterward terrorist attacks. On 12 September 2001, Emmanuel was rung for near an hr in solidarity with the United States after the September eleven attacks. Such ringing was, and still is, extremely rare, as the antique bell is only rung on rare occasions in order to preserve it.[48] The bells were also rung for the January 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting and the Nov 2015 Paris attacks. Emmanuel was tolled on 19 April 2020 to mark the outset anniversary of the Notre-Dame fire. Co-ordinate to the rector-archpriest of Notre-Matriarch Patrick Chauvet [fr], this was also meant to honor bereaved families and healthcare workers during the COVID-nineteen pandemic.[51]

Cultural depictions [edit]

In the 1534 novel Gargantua past François Rabelais, the giant Gargantua steals the bells of Notre-Dame to hang around the cervix of his giant mare. A theologian named Janotus de Bragmardo delivers an inept speech to convince the behemothic to return them.[52]

The bells are nigh known in popular civilization from Victor Hugo's 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame and its many adaptations.[xviii] The story, gear up in 1482, features Quasimodo, a fictional bell ringer of Notre-Dame, and descriptions of the cathedral'due south medieval bells. The bells mentioned in the novel are identical to those in a 1612 text by Jacques du Breul [fr] used as a reference past Hugo.[53] [54] These are Marie, Jacqueline, Gabriel (which du Breul spells "Gabrielle," also seen in Hugo), Guillaume, Thibauld, Pasquier, 2 "sparrows" (French: moineaux—a generic term for smaller bells, possibly Jean with Claude or Nicholas), and the seven-bell carillon including a "wooden bell" (cloche de bois), perchance La Clopette.[55] [56] Information virtually Hugo too as illustrations and excerpts from the novel are displayed in the s belfry which was open to the public earlier the fire.

The 1996 motion picture accommodation past Disney opens and closes with a song called The Bells of Notre Matriarch. Iv fictional bells are named Little Sophia, Jeanne-Marie, Anne-Marie, and Louise-Marie; "Big Marie" is the nonfictional bourdon Marie which starting time appeared in the 13th century. In the 2002 sequel, there is another fictional bell named La Fidèle which is made of gold and decorated with jewels (however such a bong would not work in real life).

The bells have besides been the subject of verse, such every bit François Villon's Le Testament [57] and Catherine Phil MacCarthy's "The Bells of Notre-Dame."[58]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Singer 2012, p. 204.
  2. ^ Sandron & Tallon 2020, p. 95.
  3. ^ Société 1913, p. 176.
  4. ^ Dubu 1854, p. 25.
  5. ^ a b Temko 1955, p. 232.
  6. ^ Société 1913, p. 197.
  7. ^ Gueffier 1763, p. 39.
  8. ^ Société 1913, pp. 180–181.
  9. ^ Gueffier 1763, p. 41.
  10. ^ a b Effigy de la grosse cloche 1681.
  11. ^ Billon 1866, p. 112.
  12. ^ a b Gilbert 1821, p. 146.
  13. ^ Gazette de French republic 1682 every bit cited past Gilbert (1821, pp. 145–vi).
  14. ^ a b AFP 2013. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAFP2013 (help)
  15. ^ a b c d Benoît 2019.
  16. ^ a b Gilbert 1821, p. 150.
  17. ^ Marchand 2012.
  18. ^ a b c d east de la Baume 2011.
  19. ^ Smith 2019.
  20. ^ a b c Ringing order, used to identify which bells ring in a particular sonnerie or ringing pattern, generally numbered from lowest to highest strike tone.
  21. ^ Sources using pre-Revolutionary master sources requite mass in pounds (French: livres). These are converted here equally livre actuelle, also called livre de Paris or livre de poids de marc (about 0.4895 kg). Compare pound measurements in Gilbert (1821, pp. 149–150) with kg measurements in Vocaliser (2012, p. 204).
  22. ^ a b c Sources give various figures for the mass of Emmanuel—Vocalizer (2012, p. 203) 26,000 lbs., Billon (1866, p. 112) 30,000 lbs., Gilbert (1821, p. 146) 32,000 lbs., Gueffier (1763, p. 37) 36,000 lbs., websites of Notre-Dame and Ministère de la Culture 13 metric tons (13,000 kg), and Dubu (1854, pp. 25) 18,000 kg. These discrepancies likely arose from various definitions of the pound (French: livre), likewise every bit added confusion from the bell existence cast several times with dissimilar masses. Gueffier is the earliest source and his 36,000 lbs. are commonly cited in others, including Société (1913, p. 197) which gives the nearly detailed account of the bell, but does not convert to kgs. Dubu may have arrived at xviii,000 kg by converting Gueffier's 36,000 lbs. equally livre usuelle or metric pounds (0.v kg). Gilbert's 32,000 lbs. may come from the 32,000 lbs. Gueffier gives for the 1681 casting. Vocaliser probable used Gueffier as well, simply cites the 32,000 and 36,000 lbs. as 22,000 and 26,000 lbs. respectively, either mistranscribing them or believing them to be too high. Singer consistently uses livre actuelle, also chosen livre de Paris or livre de poids de marc (about 0.4895 kg) for conversions to kgs. This was the pound used most commonly in Paris in the 17th century. Converting Singer's 26,000 lbs. with this unit yields 12,727 kg which is relatively close to the approximated 13,000 kg given by official sources. Converting Gueffier'south 36,000 lbs. equally livre esterlin (near 0.3671 kg) also comes relatively close—13,216 kg. Billon's thirty,000 lbs. may come from the bong'southward own inscription ("15,000 pounds...now doubled") which is likely an approximation.
  23. ^ a b Vocalizer 2012, p. 208.
  24. ^ According to Société (1913, p. 193), Jacqueline'southward original mass was 11,542 lbs. The 15,000 lbs. given on the bell's inscription may use livre esterlin (well-nigh 0.3671 kg) as opposed to livre actuelle (virtually 0.4895 kg). If Société uses livre actuelle, the bell's original mass was about 5,650 kg or xv,390 livre esterlin.
  25. ^ De Guilhermy 1873, p. 48.
  26. ^ Gueffier (1763, p. 38) and Dubu (1854, p. 26) transcribe the baptism engagement as 29 April 1686, peradventure assertive the year of 1682 to be in error. According to Gilbert (1821, p. 146), the original engagement was kept in retentiveness of Marie Theresia who had been nowadays at the ceremony. According to Singer (2012, p. 203), the bell'south second baptism also took place 29 April 1686.
  27. ^ Winston 2018, p. 91. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWinston2018 (aid)
  28. ^ Billon 1866, p. 113.
  29. ^ a b c Beardsley 2013.
  30. ^ Co-ordinate to Venikeyev (1988), the bell weighs 351 poods, which are about sixteen.38 kilograms.
  31. ^ NTS Sevastopol (17 April 2019). The Bell of Chersonesos Rung in Solidarity with Parisians.
  32. ^ Lichfield 2012.
  33. ^ a b c Singer 2012, p. 207.
  34. ^ Appoline-Marie-Nicolette de Choiseul-Praslin, wife of Augustine-Marie-Hélie-Charles de Talleyrand, duke of Périgord [fr] (Anselme et al. 1879, pp.249–250) and grandnephew of archbishop Alexandre Angélique de Talleyrand-Périgord.
  35. ^ Charlotte-Bernardine-Auguste de Percin de Montgaillard de Lavalette, wife of Charles Léon Ernest Le Clerc, marquis of Juigné [fr] (Borel d'Hauterive 1868, p. 297) and swell-grandnephew of archbishop Antoine-Éléonor-Léon Leclerc de Juigné.
  36. ^ Henriette Gastaldi, wife of Antoine Victoire Alphonse, viscount of Quélen and brother of archbishop Hyacinthe-Louis de Quélen
  37. ^ Marie-Caroline Affre de Saint-Rome, niece of archbishop Denis Auguste Affre (Borel d'Hauterive 1861, p. 178).
  38. ^ a b Messe et bénédiction des huit nouvelles cloches 2013. Translation of exchange—Archbishop Vignt-Trois (addressing two children): Rose and Jeroen, what name would you give to this bell? // Children: Étienne! // Vignt-Trois (addressing the bell's godfather): Canon Étienne de Mesmay, why this name? // de Mesmay: To memorialize the old cathedral church building of Paris which preceded the current cathedral of Notre-Dame and was placed nether the protection of Saint Stephen (Étienne), the beginning martyr. // Vignt-Trois: Let Étienne sing from now on for the celebrity of God and in service to the church.
  39. ^ Peltier et al. 2019.
  40. ^ "Les voix de Notre-Dame" le feuilleton JT 13h du 22 mars 2013.
  41. ^ In biblical numerology, fullness is often represented by the number vii. For other meanings of the number eight, meet Biblical numerology § Numerological values
  42. ^ Sonnerie des nouvelles cloches de Notre-Dame de Paris Archived 28 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine (2013).
  43. ^ Sandron & Tallon 2020.
  44. ^ Gilbert 1821.
  45. ^ Vocalist 2012, pp. 205–206.
  46. ^ Tagliabue 2008.
  47. ^ a b c Society of ringing (NDP site).
  48. ^ a b c Bufkin 2019.
  49. ^ Rosbottom 2014, p. 332.
  50. ^ Rosbottom 2014, p. 336.
  51. ^ Global News 2020.
  52. ^ Bowen 1998.
  53. ^ Hugo 1888, book one pp. 4, 29, book 3 p. 143.
  54. ^ Hugo 2002, p. 467.
  55. ^ Du Breul 1612, p. xi.
  56. ^ Hugo 1888, book four pp. 165–166, volume vii p. 28.
  57. ^ Singer 2013.
  58. ^ MacCarthy 2019.

References [edit]

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  • Venikeyev, Yevgeniy Vitalyevich (1988). "Chersonesos - Kherson - Korsun". Sevastopol and Its Surroundings (in Russian). Simferopol: Tavriya.

External links [edit]

  • Media related to Bells in Notre-Matriarch de Paris at Wikimedia Commons
  • Les cloches, Notre-Matriarch de Paris website (in French)
  • Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry website (in Dutch)
  • Cornille-Havard bong foundry website (in French)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris

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